Antecedent of Pronouns & Dangling Constructions

Antecedent of Pronouns & Dangling Constructions

Antecedent of Pronouns

A pronoun antecedent is a word that comes before a pronoun to which the pronoun refers.

Antecedent is the grammatical term used to refer to the noun that a pronoun replaces. When a pronoun is used in a sentence, it must have a corresponding noun at the beginning before it was used. This particular noun which is referred by the pronoun that comes later is known as the antecedent of that pronoun. And there should be a clear indication of that noun to which the pronoun would be referring to.

An antecedent comes before a pronoun. A pronoun and its antecedent must agree in gender and number. For example, if the antecedent is singular and female, the pronoun must refer to a single female. If the antecedent is plural, then the pronoun must be plural as well.

It is important to make sure that your pronouns have clear antecedents. Sometimes the references are vague and the reader cannot figure out to whom a pronoun is referring.

Following are example of antecedent  and examples of how to use in a sentence :

1.      Incorrect: Resources such solar power and hydroelectricity  an economic benefit, as it may reduce our dependence on foreign oil.

Correct: Resources such solar power and hydroelectricity  an economic benefit, as they may reduce our dependence on foreign oil.

Explanation: The pronoun "it" should be plural because its antecedent is the plural subject "resources." Only choices correcty change "it" to "they,"  The correct answer is "as they may reduce our dependence on foreign oil."

2.      Incorrect: Most men who go to sporting events find it an enjoyable diversion.

Correct: Most men who go to sporting events find them are enjoyable diversion.

Explanation: The sentence as written contains one small error. "It," a singular pronoun, is used to refer to the plural "sporting events." In order to fix this issue, the pronoun needs to be made plural, which is done in "Most men who go to sporting events find them are enjoyable diversion."

3.      Incorrect: Mitchell was one of the first members of corporate to realize that employees are most productive when he or she feels to be part of a team.

Correct: Mitchell was one of the first members of corporate to realize that employees are most productive when they feel as if they are part of a team

Explanation: The pronoun refers to employees, so the pronoun should be plural rather than the singular he or she.

4.      Incorrect: Everyone must do their part, or the project will never be finished on time.

Correct: : Everyone must do his/her part, or the project will never be finished on time.

Explanation: "Everyone" is treated as a singular noun, therefore the proper prounoun to use with it is "his or her."

5.      Incorrect: Although the basketball team used their star players, the match was lost.

Correct: Although the basketball team used its star players, the match was lost.

Explanation: Choose a pronoun that properly agrees with the subject. In this case, "basketball team" is singular, although it represents a group of people, and should be accompanied with "its," instead of "their."

Dangling Constructions

A dangling construction is a group of words that the writer intends to be a modifier for a noun or phrase but the noun or phrase is not actually in the sentence.  Instead, the modifier erroneously describes a noun or phrase that is in the sentence - sometimes with humorous results. 

A dangling modifier is one that modifies a word or phrase not clearly stated in the sentence; in other words, dangling modifiers only suggest, but do not name, the thing they modify. Phrases and clauses with dangling modifiers do not have expressed subjects. Consequently, readers expect them to modify the following noun or noun phrase. Because they do not do so, they are considered dangling modifiers.

Here are some examples :

1.      Problem: Walking down the street, the sky was a brilliant blue. (Grammatically, this sentence implies that the sky was walking down the street, and this is clearly not the writer's intention).

Rewrite: While I was walking down the street, I noticed the sky was a brilliant blue.

2.      Problem: To complete the survey properly, the form must be signed and sealed in the provided envelope. (The form is obviously not the one completing the survey).

Rewrite: To complete the survey properly, participants must sign and seal the form in the provided envelope.

3.      Problem Shocked by the gravity of the situation, something had to be done. (Here, one could interpret that something is shocked by the gravity of the situation).

Rewrite: Shocked by the gravity of the situation, they knew they had to do something.

4.      Problem: Like a kid in a candy store, his eyes were bulging at the sight of all they had to offer.  (His eyes were clearly not like a kid in a candy store, though that is how the sentence is grammatically understood).

Rewrite: Like a kid in a candy store, he was so thrilled that his eyes were bulging at the sight of all they had to offer.

5.   Problem: An expert in the field, the professor's work was the focus of the conference. (The professor and not his work is an expert in the field).

Rewrite: An expert in the field, the professor was the keynotes speaker and his work the focus of  the conference.

Ex:

https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/pronouns/pronoun-antecedent.html

https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/pro_antagree.htm

https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-dangling-construction-How-can-it-be-used-in-a-sentence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangling_modifier

Complaint client and Solution

Complaint-client and Solution

(commonly misused words, confusingly related words, Preposition)

Dialogue with a client on a product complaint

Customer:  Good Afternoon Sir, I’m sorry to trouble you, but I have complaints about your product. I think this laptop is not what I expected

Me        :  Good Afternoon Sir. Whether I Could you please explain the problem then how the laptop ?

Customer: I have a complaint for the laptop I bought yesterday. I think you are changing the type of Asus laptop I want.

Me         : oh sorry sir. can i see the laptop?

Customer: This laptop is not suit I want, because this laptop only has 1GB of RAM and 320GB of HDD while what I want is a laptop that has 2GB of RAM and a 500GB HDD. and because I really need a lot of memory for my work.

Me         : forgive me if I'm not right. Then what type of laptop do you want?

Customer: I'm sorry, but this is not what I expected. Then I want an x200CA Asus laptop.

Me       : oh I understand. This laptop is an X200MA type laptop, so the laptop doesn't have the specifications you mentioned earlier.

Customer: what is the solution then?

Me         : whether I can see the warranty card along with the receipt than our store?

Customer: oh of course you can. This is the warranty card and receipt from this store.

Me         : okay, please wait for about five minutes.

Me         : well I will replace the host laptop with the Asus x200CA type as you want.

Customer: then what do I have to add to the change of laptop?

Me        : do not need to add money because the price on the bill should be for the Asus x200CA type, but I instead gave the Asus x200MA laptop. Forgive my negligence about the type of laptop that hosted the order yesterday.

Customer: okay. When can I get the x200CA Asus laptop that I want?

Me         : I will replace it today. This is the laptop you want.

Customer: thank you.

Me         : you are welcome

Dialogue with Co-worker on the solution for the said complaint

Co-worker: hey. How about your day?

Me            : hey. I'm not happy.

Co-worker: what's the problem?

Me            : yes, this is an upsetting day.

Co-worker: many customer complaints?

Me            : yes I was scolded by a big boss because of my negligence.

Co-worker: why?

Me            : yes because there were customers who complained about the laptop purchased yesterday at this store was not suit he expected, and I was serving the customer.

Co-worker: then?

Me            : when I saw it turned out it was the laptop that he wanted Asus type x200CA, but what I actually gave was Asus type x200MA. Then I reported this to the big boss about it and the big boss scolded me for the negligence I did.

Co-worker:  I ever felt. But, we must prioritize customer satisfaction. Since then I have always checked in detail about the types of electronic products that are in accordance with the bill.

Me            : I know that.

Co-worker: Don't be sad anymore. What is important for the future is we can not be careless as it is today. The big boss scolded today so that things like this will not happen again in the future. What if we just had lunch? It's time to rest now.

Me            : okay. Thank you for listening to my story.

Co-worker: you are welcome.

Ex:

Commonly Misused Words

Confusingly Relased Words

Preposition

Biography Of Amancio Ortega

AMANCIO ORTEGA

Amancio Ortega is a fashion executive and the founder and chairman of the Inditex fashion group. According to Forbes he was the third wealthiest person in the world in 2013 with an estimate net worth of $57 billion. The Bloomberg Billionaires Index ranked him as the fourth richest person with assets worth $54.3 billion.

Ortega was born on 28^th March 1936 in León, Spain. Son of a railway worker, Amancio Ortega belonged to a middle class family.  As a teenager he worked as a helper at Gala, a local shirt maker. By 1972 he had founded ‘Confecciones Goa’ which sold quilted bath robes sowed by the local women. Ortega is most popular for its chain of clothing and accessories Zara which he started with his first wife, Rosalia. He launched his first Zara Store in 1975, today Zara is a part of the Inditex group of which 59.29%  is owned by Ortega. He has more than 6000 stores which include the brands Massimo Dutti, Zara, Zara Home, Tempe, Kiddy’s Class, Stradivarius, Bershka and Pull and Bear. Ortega employs more than 92,000 employees. Maintaining a low profile is a one of his traits, proved by no one had seen a picture of  him till 1999. He does not carry himself like the big entrepreneur that he is instead he is mostly seen dressed very simply in a blue blazer, white shirt, gray pants and no tie. Surprisingly these are not even outfits from his brand Zara. He takes his coffee from the same place every day and eats with his employees in the company café.

Although Ortega enjoyed tremendous international success in an industry that fed on public images and publicity, he himself shunned the press and lived a strictly private life. On the day of Inditex’s public offering in 2001, Ortega reportedly worked a regular schedule and ate lunch in the company’s cafeteria—despite the fact that his net worth had risen by $6 billion. In 2008 Inditex emerged as the world’s largest fashion retailer, controlling some 4,000 stores in 70 countries. Ortega, meanwhile, had become one of the world’s top billionaires. In 2011 he stepped down as chairman of Inditex, though he remained involved with the company and retained his majority stake.

He owns the ‘Torre Picasso’ in Madrid which is the tallest building in Spain. The skyscraper is 515 feet tall and is worth $535 million. He is also the owner of ‘The Epic Residences & Hotel’ in Miami, Florida. These hotels are counted among the most luxurious hotels in the country. He drives an Audi A8 but also owns a $45 million private jet the ‘Global Express BD-700’ made by Bombardier. The notorious businessman loves to work so much that he rarely takes time off.

In 1986 he divorced his first wife and married Flore Perez Marcote in 2001. He has three children but it is rumored that his daughter from the second marriage will be his successor. Amancio Ortega has a luxury apartment in Miami along with real estate in Paris, Lisbon, London and Madrid. He has also invested in tourism, banks and gas companies.  The self-made mogul has a lot to be proud of.

Ex :

Simple Past Tense

Present Tense

Past Perfect TenseAr

Gerund/to

Possessive Pronoun

Subjective Pronoun

Objective Pronoun

Reflexive Pronoun

Sumber :

https://www.famous-entrepreneurs.com/amancio-ortegahttps://www.famous-entrepreneurs.com/amancio-ortega 

Masalah Sosial Kamiskinan

MASALAH SOSIAL KEMISKINAN DI INDONESIA

Masalah sosial yang biasa timbul dalam faktor ekonomi adalah kemiskinan dan pengangguran. Masalah ini menjadi tanggungjawab pemerintah karena berkaitan dengan kesejahteraan rakyat. Pertumbuhan perekonomian yang tidak merata, banyaknya pemutusan hubungan kerja (PHK), dan sedikitnya lapangan kerja menjadi penyebab meningkatnya kemiskinan dan pengangguran.

Ada berbagai masalah social yang ada di Indonesia. Namun kaliini saya akan membahas salah satu masalah sosial yang diakibatkan oleh faktor ekonomi, yaitu kemiskinan. Menurut kalian, apasih pengertian kemiskinan itu ?  “Miskin” memiliki arti yakni tidak memiliki harta benda dan berada dalam kondisi kekurangan. Seseorang yang dikatakan miskin memiliki ketidakmampuan untuk memenuhi unsur-unsur kebutuhan pokoknya. Kemiskinan merupakan bentuk masalah sosial yang telah terjadi sejak lama. Jadi, Kemiskinan adalah keadaan di mana terjadi ketidakmampuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dasar seperti makanan, pakaian, tempat berlindung, pendidikan, dan kesehatan. Kemiskinan dapat disebabkan oleh kelangkaan alat pemenuh kebutuhan dasar, ataupun sulitnya akses terhadap pendidikan dan pekerjaan. Kemiskinan merupakan masalah global.

Faktor Kemiskinan

1.      Faktor individual, atau patalogis, yang melihat kemiskinan sebagai akibat dari perilaku, pilihan, atau kemampuan dari si miskin;

2.      Faktor keluarga, yang menghubungkan kemiskinan dengan hubungan keluarga;

3.      Faktor sub-budaya (subcultural), yang menghubungkan kemiskinan dengan kehidupan sehari-hari, dipelajari atau dijalankan dalam lingkungan sekitar;

4.      Faktor agensi, yang melihat kemiskinan sebagai akibat dari aksi orang lain, termasuk perang, pemerintah dan ekonomu;

5.      Faktor struktural, yang memberikan alasan bahwa kemiskinan merupakan hasil dari struktur social.

Penyebab Kemiskinan

Kemiskinan merupakan masalah sosial yang senantiasa hadir di tengah-tengah masyarakat, khususnya di negara-negara berkembang. Kemiskinan senantiasa menarik perhatian berbagai kalangan, baik para akademisi maupun para praktisi. Menurut kalian, apasih penyebab masalah kemiskinan? Dibawahi ini merupakan penyebab dari kemiskinan

1.      Pengangguran

Semakin banyak pengangguran, semakin banyak pula orang-orang miskin yang ada di sekitar. Karena pengangguran atau orang yang menganggur tidak bisa mendapatkan penghasilan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Padahal kebutuhan setiap manusia itu semakin hari semakin bertambah. Selain itu pengangguran juga menimbulkan dampak yang merugikan bagi masyarakat, yaitu pengangguran dapat menjadikan orang biasa menjadi pencuri, perampok, dan pengemis yang akan meresahkan masyarakat sekitar.

2.      Tingkat pendidikan yang rendah

Tidak adanya keterampilan, ilmu pengetahuan, dan wawasan yang lebih,  masyarakat tidak akan mampu memperbaiki hidupnya menjadi lebih baik. Karena dengan pendidikan masyarakat bisa mengerti dan memahami bagaimana cara untuk menghasilkan sesuatu yang berguna bagi kehidupan manusia. Dengan belajar, orang yang semula tidak bisa menjadi bisa, salah menjadi benar, dsb. Maka dengan tingkat pendidikan yang rendah masyarakat akan dekat dengan kemiskinan.

3.      Bencana Alam

Banjir, tanah longsor, gunung meletus, dan tsunami menyebabkan gagalnya panen para petani, sehingga tidak ada bahan makanan untuk dikonsumsi dan dijual kepada penadah atau koperasi. Kesulitan bahan makanan dan penghasilan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari jadi tidak dapat terpenuhi.

Kemiskinan dipandang sebagai pangkal penyebab masalah sosial dan ekonomi dimana kemiskinan menjadi masalah sosial ketika stratifikasi dala masyarakat sudah menciptakan tingkatan atau garis-garis pembatas sehingga menyebabkan adanya kejanggalan atau batas pemisah dalam interaksi atau komunikasi antara si kaya dan si miskin.

Masyarakat miskin cenderung disingkirkan karena selalu dituduh sebagai penghambat pembangunan dan kemajuan. Tidak semua pembangunan fisik dan spiritual memperhatikan kepentingan masyarakat. Akibatnya, tujuan pembangunan nasional untuk menciptakan atau mencapai masyarakat adil dan makmur sesuai nilai-nilai luhur yang terkandung dalam pembukaan UUD 45, hanya terwujud pada sebagian masyarakat atau kolompok yang dekat dengan pusat kekuasaan tingkat pusat sampai di pelosok-pelosok negeri.

Dampak Kemiskinan

Kemiskinan yang terjadi merupakan sebuah masalah yang tentunya memberikan dampak bagi masyarakat baik itu dampak positif maupun dampak yang negatif. Dampak yang ditimbulkan dari kemiskinan dapat dikelompokan kedalam beberapa masalah, yaitu :

1.      Dampak Masalah Kependudukan

Dilihat dari segi kependudukan, kemiskinan berdampak pada ketidakmeratanya pertumbuhan penduduk disetiap wilayah sehingga ketidakmerataan tersebut membawa konsekuensi berat kepada aspek – aspek kehidupan sosial lainya. Secara nasional  penduduk yang tidak merata mambawa akibat bagi penyediaan berbagai sarana dan kebutuhan penduduk. Dalam bidang lapangan pekerjaan terjadi ketidakseimbangan antara pertumbuhan angkatan kerja dengan pertumbuhan lapangan kerja dan pada akhirnya menimbulkan pengangguran.

2.      Dampak Masalah Ekonomi

Masalah ekonomi menyangkut masalah kerumah tanggaan penduduk dalam memenuhi kebutuhan materinya. Masalah ini terbagi kedalam beberapa aspek yaitu : aspek kuantitas, aspek kualitas penduduk, aspek sumber daya alam dan manusia, aspek komunikasi dan transportasi serta aspek kondisi dan lokasi geografi. 

3.      Dampak Masalah Lingkungan

Masalah lingkungan dapat diartikan bahwa masalah yang terjadi di lingkungan hidup manusia mengancam ketentraman dan kesejahteraan manusia yang disebabkan oleh ketidakseimbangan antara komponen manusia dengan lingkungan yang menjadi penampung dan penjamin kehidupan manusia. Dampak lainya yaitu keterbelakangan pembangunan, kebodohan, kebanjiran, pencemaran lingkungan dan tingkat kesehatan yang rendah yang diakibatkan karena lingkungan yang kurang mendukung karena kemiskinan.

4.      Dampak Masalah Pendidikan

Pendidikan secara luas merupakan dasar pembentukan kepribadian, kemajuan ilmu, kemajuan teknologi dan kemajuan kehidupan sosial pada umumnya. Dampak kemiskinan terhadap pendidikan memang sangat merugikan sekali karena telah menghilangkan pentingnya pendidikan dalam mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa. Sehingga tidak sedikit penduduk Indonesia yang belum mengenal pendidikan.

Cara Mengatasi Kemiskinan

1.      Pemerintah harus menyediakan lebih banyak lagi lapangan pekerjaan, agar dapat membantu masyarakat dalam memecahkan masalah kehidupan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari anggota keluarganya.

2.      Bantuan pendidikan dan kursus dari pemerintah kepada masyarakat kurang mampu agar dapat melanjutkan sekolahnya tanpa bingung soal biaya. Kursus menjahit, memasak untuk ibu-ibu atau bapak-bapak, serta menyediakan fasilitasnya, seperti mesin jahit dan peralatan memasak agar setelah selesai kursus, para bapak dan ibu tersebut bisa langsung mempraktikkan keahliannya di lingkungan dimana mereka tinggal.

3.      Jangan menjadi pemalas! Selain pemerintah, masyarakat juga harus ikut andil dalam mensejahterakan kehidupan. Apabila masih belum ada lowongan pekerjaan, masyarakat bisa menciptakan lapangan pekerjaan sendiri, lebih bagus jika lapangan pekerjaan buatan sendiri itu bisa menampung orang lain untuk menjadi karyawan kita.

Ketidakmampuan pemerintah dalam mengentaskan masalah ini dapat di perparah dengan di terbitkannya aturan yang melarang orang miskin seperti misalnya pelarangan menggelandang, mengemis, mengamen dan pekerjaan orang miskin lainnya di tambah dengan aturan memberikan sanksi bagi orang yang memberikan sumbagan kepada orang-orang yang menjalani profesi seperti yang di sebutkan diatas. Dimana ruh dan jiwa mulia undang-undang pasal 34 mengenai orang miskin di negara ini di letakkan yang berbunyi “fakir miskin dan anak terlantar di pelihara oleh negara” Di masyarakat Indonesia jumlah rakyat miskin yang tak juga semakin rendah tentunya akan banyak di temui fenomena seperti ini. Masyarakat yang plural dan heterogoen bukan merupakan suatu dukungan yang baik untuk membantu dalam mengentaskan kemiskinan. 

Dengan itu, perlu ada orang-orang yang setia dan tekun serta masih mempunyai harapan ideal untuk membebaskan masyarakat dari kemiskinan. Oleh sebab itu, bukan hanya keterliatan masyarakat, tetapi juga perlu adanya good governance, yang jujur, bebas dari korupsi, adil, demokrasi, transparansi, dan akuntabilitas, dan mendorong adanya kepastian hukum, sehingga mendatangkan (membuka peluang) untuk partisipasi masyarakat dalam menangani kaum miskin.

Kesimpulan

Dapat disimpulkan bahwa masalah dasar pengentasan kemiskinan bermula dari sikap pemaknaan kita terhadap kemiskinan. Kemiskinan adalah suatu hal yang alami dalam kehidupan. Dalam artian bahwa semakin meningkatnya kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi maka kebutuhan pun akan semakin banyak. Pengentasan masalah kemiskinan ini bukan hanya kewajiban dari pemerintah, melainkan masyarakat pun harus menyadari bahwa penyakit sosial ini adalah tugas dan tanggung jawab bersama pemerintah dan masyarakat.

Saran

ü  Pemerintah sebaiknya menjalankan program terpadu secara serius dan bertanggung jawab agar dapat segera mengatasi masalah kemiskinan di Indonesia.

ü  Sebagai warga negara Indonesia yang baik, mari kita dukung semua program pemerintah demi masa depan bangsa dan negara Indonesia terbebas dari kemiskinan.

ü  Marilah kita tingkatkan kepedulian dan kepekaan sosial untuk membantu saudara kita yang masih mengalami kemiskinan.